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tnsituciot LHofaiure Series'—No 1 .95 c 




and the Founding of Rhode Island 




INSTRUCTOR LITERATURE SERIES 

Five- Cent Classics and Supplementary Readers 

AN especially fine series of little books containing material needed for Sup- 
plementary Reading and Study. Classified and g'raded. Large type for 
lower grades. A supply of these books will greatly enrich your school work. 

>«/«,- 1 his list ts constantly being added to. If a substantial number of books are to br 
ordered, or tf oilier titles than those shown here are desired, send for latest list. 



FIRST YEAR 
Fables and Myths 

6 FairyStoriesof theMoou. — JA7^/^?>^ 

27 ^sop's Fables— Part \-Reiter 

28 ^:sop's Fables— Pari \\~KcHer 

29 Iiidiau Myths— i?/M/j 
140 Nursery Tales— Ti/j'/or 

174 vSnu ^ly\.\\s—Reiter 

175 Norse L,egends,I— i'?^77rr 
Nature 

1 Ivittle Plant People— Part \~Chase 

2 l^ittle Plant People— Part 11— Chase 
30 Story of a '6\\uh&^\\\—l^I iller 

31 Kitty Mitteus and Her Friends— r/za?/- 
History 

32 Patriotic Stories (Story of the Flag-, 

Story of Washington, etc.) — Reiter 
Literatuf-e 
230 Rh3 me and Jingle Reader for Beginners 

SECOND YEAR 
Fables and Myths 

33 Stories from Andersen— Zhrfor 

34 Stories from <\r\\VL\\\-~Tavtor 

36 I^ittle Red Riding 1\qo(\— Reiter 

37 Jack and the Beanstalk- AV/7^r 

38 Adventures of a P.rownie— A'^/V^y 
J 76 Norse L,egends, 11— Reiter 
Nature 

3 Little Workers (Animal Stories)— C//«av 

39 Little Wood Friends — Afavne 

40 Wings and Stings- //a///a.r 

41 Story of Wool — Marne 

42 Bird Stories from the Foets—Jollie 
History and Biography 

43 Story of the Mi\y Rower— McCabe 

45 Boyhood of Washington — Reiter 

164 The Little Brown Baby and Otlier Babies 

165 Gemila, tlie Child of the Desert and 

Some of Her Sisters • 

166 Louise on the Rhitws Snd in Her New 

Home. (A'os. 26^, /2i,;/6(5 are "Seven 
Little Sisters" bj'Jtine Andrews) 

204 Boyhood of Lincoln — Reiter 

Literature 

152 Child's Garden of Yerses— Stevenson 

206 Picture Study Stories for Little ChiUhcu 
— Cranston 

220 Story of the Christ Child— I/us ho7c/er 

THIRD YEAR 
Fables and Myths 

46 Puss in Boots and Cinderella — Reiter 

47 Greek Myths — Klingensviith 

102 Thumbelina and Dream Stories— A'<'/7/"7 
146 Sleeping Beauty and Other Stories 
177 Legends of the Rhiueland— il/cCa^-.? 
Nature 
49 Buds, Stems and Fruits — Mayne 

51 Stor^'ofFlax — Mavne 

52 Storj' of Glass — Hanso^i 

July, 1912 



53 Adventures of a Little Waterdrop 
— Mayne 
135 Little People of the Hills (Dry Air and 

Dry Soil Plants) — CArt^^' 
203 Little Plant Peojjle of the Waterways 

Chase 
133 Aunt Martha's Corner Cupboard— Pail 

I. Story of Tea and the Teacup 

137 Aunt TNIartha's Corner Cupboanl— Part 

II. Story of Sugar, Coflee and Salt. 
13S Aunt IVL'irtha's Corner Cupboard— Part 

III. Story of Rice, Currants and Hout-y 
History and Biography 

4 Story of Washington- y?^z7^r 
7 Story of Longfellow- il/cda^/' 
21 Story of the Pilgrims— /*6<7<ye'; 5 
44 Famous liarly Americans (Smith, Sia .- 
dish, V<tw\i)—Bush 

54 Story of Columbus— i1/<:Ca^iJ 

55 Story of Whittier— ;i/cCrt/;^ 

57 Story of Louisa M. hXcolt—Bush 

58 Story of Alice and Phoebe Q&vy—McFee 

59 Story of the Boston Tea Party -McCabe 
132 Story of Franklin— /vz;zj 

60 Children of the Northland— ^7^9/; 

62 Childrenof the South Lands,! (Florida, 
Cuba, Puerto \<\co)—McFee 

63 Children of the South Lands, II (Africa, 
Hawaii, The Philippiues)— ili^r/v'^' 

64 Child Life in the Colonies— I (New 

Amsterdam)— ^a/6^r 

65 Child Life in the Colonies— II (Pennsyl- 

vania)— ^a^^^r 

66 Child Life in the Colonies— III(Virgin- 

ia) — Baker 

68 Stories of the Revolution— I (Ethan 

Allen and the- Green Mountain Boys) 

69 Stories of the Revolution— II (Around 

Philadelphia)— 71 /rc^.j';^^ 

70 Stories of the Revolution— HI (Marion, 

the Swamp Vos.)— McCabe 

71 Selections from Hiawatha (For 3rd, 4th 

and 5th Grades) 
167 Famous Artists, I— Landseer and Bon- 
heur. 

Literature 

67 Story of Robinson Cr\\so&— Bush 

72 Bow-Wow and Mew-I\Iew— C7<?/>fe 

233 Poems Worth Knowing Book I-Primary 

FOURTH YEAR 

Nat u re 

75 Story of Coal— il/cA'a?;^ 

76 Story of Wheat— //«///a;r 

77 Story of Cotton— ^;-t»7t'w 

78 Stories of the Backwoods— i^^77<'y 

134 Conquests of Little Plant People— C7/rrv. 
136 Peei>s into Bird Nooks, 1—McFee 
181 Stories of the Stars— ylAZ-V*? 
2C5 Fyes and No Fyes and the Three Ciant^ 
Continued on thii d cover 



INSTRUCTOR LITERATURE SERIES 

The Story of 

Roger Williams 

and the 

Founding of Rhode Island 

BY ; ''^ 

,.-1 

Etta y.Leighton 




F. A. OWEN PUBLISHING COMPANY, 
DANSVILLE, N. Y. 



CopyriQht, 1912, by I'. A. Owen. I'vblishing Company 



L 




5? 
> 



& 






£CI.A3250G3 



Roger Williams 

CHAPTEE I. 

THE BANISHMENT OF WILLIAMS 

Into the wiklerness, a second preacher of the "Light 
that was to come into the world, ' ' Koger Williams took 

his storm-tossed way 
in the midwinter of 
1035-36. He was to 
find rest and shelter 
a m o n g the re d- 
sldnned brethren to 
whom he feid always 
l)roved m loving coun- 
selor. In founeling 
Providence he set 
glowing the feeble 
rusli-light lh:it was 
gradually to increase 
in brilliancy until in 
the darkest corners 
of nations yet un- 
known should pene- 
trate the light of soul 
liberty. Other cul- 
onies have their cradles of civic liberty, but to Ehode 
Island belongs the proud title of mother of that more 
vital privilege, "entire liberty in nil religi;)us concerns." 




.^^^^^(^-""I^ iK^cc^S 






4 ROGER WILLIAMS 

Eoger Williams, the son of James and Alice Williams, 
^^as born in London in the seventeenth century, x^i'obably 
in 1003. His father was a merchant tailor, who, it may 
be supposed, educated his son as best he "could, for we 
find Roger taking notes in the Star Chamber, a famous 
court. Here he attracted the notice of Sir Ed i\'ard Coke, 
ever afterwards his kind patron. By the kindness of Sir 
Edward, Roger was placed at Charter House School, 
^vhere many famous men have been educated. Among 
the number was William Blackstone, who became the 
gentle hermit of Boston. When Blackstone removed to 
Lonsdale, he was a near neighbor of Williams in the 
new world. 

After leaving Charter House School, Williams con- 
tinued his studies and took his degree at Pembroke Col- 
lege, Cambridge. Then he began to study law. But he 
^as an earnest and pious youth, and in England at that 
time religion was as favorite a subject of cooversation as 
politics is now. Some of the worries of those days and 
the long books written about them puzzle us very much. 
People argued about how mauy angels can stand on the 
point of a needle and whether women should wear veils 
in church. Roger Williams was as keen about these 
matters as were any of his neighbors, and he b}' and by 
decided that he would rather be a preaclier than a lawyer. 
So he commenced the stud}^ of theology and was finally 
ordained a priest of the Cluirch of England. 

You will remember that the founders of Boston called 
themselves Puritans, because they wished to make cer- 
tain changes in the English Church, or ' 'purify," it as 
they said, ''simplify" it, we sJiould say. Williams was 
a Puritan and so disliked the state of affairs in England 
that he learned Dutch in order to be able to cross over 
to Holland and live there with those Pilgrims who had 
not gone to America. But about this time he married 



ROGER WILLIAMS 5 

Mary Barnard and turned his face to America, as did 
so many of nis countrymen in the full expectation of find- 
ing there a house of refuge from religious persecutions. 

Accompanied by his wife, Mary, he arrived in Boston 
in 1631, and had hardly landed before his openly ex- 
pressed opinions caused him to be viewed with alarm. 
Boston was only a year old, and things were not at all 
as Williams had expected to find them. As the gentle 
Blackstone, who had welcomed the Puritans to Boston, 
declared, he found he had exchanged "the tyranny of 
the Lord's Bishop for the tyranny of the Lord's Breth- 
ren. " It was true that these people who had fled from 
religious persecution in England, and who had sought 
freedom in America, refused freedom to others in the 
new colonj'. Learned i)eople can explain all this and 
show how this policy made Massachusetts strong and 
powerful, but it was a great disappointment to Roger 
Williams, and he voiced his disappointment at every 
opportunit3^ 

Although the colony was so young the government of 
Massachusetts was a well-organized Theocracy. This 
means that in Massachusetts the church coijtrolled the 
state, that the ministers were the real rulers of the col- 
ony. It seemed right to some of them that they should 
live according to the rules Moses made for the Israelites. 
A man's religious opinions decided his place in the com- 
munity. Only church members had a vote. If a person 
neglected to attend church he was liable to a fine, just 
as if he had by disorderly conduct broken the public 
peace. One writer says that the Bay Colony was **a 
state within a church. ' ' Surelj^ such a government could 
not welcome a man who believed that state and church 
should be entirely separate, and in no way interfere with 
each other. 

Seeing that he could not get along peaceably with the 



6 ROGER WILLIAMS 

miinsters of the Bay Colony, Williams removed to Salem, 
where he was invited to become an assistant to the min- 
ister, Mr. Skelton. The authorities of the Bay Colony 
enjoined the church at Salem from countenancing him, 
for they said he was ^'in contempt of authority. ' ' They 
did not want him themselves, and did not propose that 
any other settlement should want him. The church at 
Salem, however, refused to ask him to leave and the Bay 
Colony denied Salem's claim to certain land in punish- 
ment, but Williams remained only a short time before 
removing to Plymouth. 

Here he was welcomed and much endeared himself to 
many of the Pilgrims. There is no doubt that Williams 
was sincere and gentle, and attracted many people, but 
like most gentle people who possess strong convictions, 
he was obstinate in expressing his opinions. He felt it 
his duty to speak out his thoughts, and threats and re- 
monstrance failed to move him. 

At Plymouth he su[)ported himself by manual labor 
and assisted in church. Bradford says, ''His teaching 
was well approved. ' ' While at Plymouth he became, 
as Bancroft says, "the earliest and lifelong apostle to 
the Indians. ' ' No one was quicker than an Indian to 
recognize sincerity, and Massasoit became the lifelong 
friend of Roger Williams, who in his intercourse with 
these savages may be said to have become the savior of 
New England, as we shall later see. He spent hours, 
as he says, "in their dirty, smoky wiwgams" learning 
their language and teaching them in return. In after 
years this knowledge stood him in good stead. 

In Plymouth, a little daughter, his first child, was 
born and named for her mother, Mary. 

In the meantime, the minister at Salem died and Wil- 
liams was called to take his place, and during the two 
vears of his life there was constantly before the court 



ROGER, WILLIAMS 7 

in one cliar^^^e or another. Manj- of. these charges 
seem slit^lit matters to us, but we must always try when 
we are reading history, to think ourselves back into the 
by-gone days, and try to see things in the light of those 
times. 

One of the charges against Roger Williams w^as that 
he had declared that the Indians and not the King of 
England owned the land in America. Williams acknowl- 
edged the charge, in fact admitted that he had written a 
book to prove it. He said that King Charles I had no 
more right to give away land in America than in any 
other country. That the Indians were the real owners 
and alone could say who should settle here. Now the 
Pilgrims believed this also and had paid Massasoit for 
land, and you w411 remember tliat the Dutch bought 
Manhattan Island from the Indians for twenty-four dol- 
lars. Why Then should Roger Williams be blamed for 
saying wlint so many believed and practiced? Because 
the Massachusetts Buy Colony said if the king heard 
that Roger Williams had denied his right to give away 
hind in America, their charter might be revoked and 
their land taken away from them. Williams, though 
he did not believe any such thing w^ould happen, not 
wishing to bring calamity on the Ba}' Colony, offered 
his book to be burned. 

There was yet no end, however, to the strife between 
W^iliiams and the Bay Colony. His w^orst offence in 
their eyes w^as his contention that the civil magistrates 
could exercise no control in religious matters. He 
preached against lining a man because he didn't go to 
church. He believed in and preached libert}" of con- 
science. He thought the- state and church should \)e 
entirely separate ; the state should concerii itself with 
civil affairs only, the church should take heed only to 
religious concerns. His views shocked his neighbors 



8 ^ ROGER WILLIAMS 

but tliey are tlie views today of every country iu wliicli 
church and state are separate. But iu those days soul 
liberty was a uew doctrine, dreaded by the majority of 
the peoT)le. Eoger Williams was several hundred years 
ahead of his age, a propliet of what was to l)e, and like 
all prophets he was misunderstood. 




Roger Williams' Church, Salem, Mass. 



So the authorities kept watch of his utterances, au'l 
finall.y in July, 1635, he was summoned to appear be- 
fore the General Court of Massachusetts on a charge of 
* ' maintaining dangerous opinions. 

Now he had only to stifle his conscience and say he 



' ROGER WILLIAMS -9 

believed himself wrong, and the rest of his life might 
have been comfortable and prosperous. But he seems 
to have been one of the strong men who appear in the 
world from time to time and who preach the truth as 
they see it, disregarding the consequences to themselves 
or others, because they see beyond consequences and 
know that Truth is mighty and will endure. • 

Therefore no arguments could turn him from his opin- 
ions, and on October 10, with but one magistrate dis- 
senting, he was ordered ''to depart the jurisdiction" 
within sis weeks. Later he was given permission to re- 
main until spring. Word came to the magistrate though 
that Williams was ''maintaining his own views in his 
own house," and though an Englishman's house is his 
castle, they knew Williams' words were dangerous to 
them wherever they were uttered, so they summoned 
him to Boston intending to ship him to England. But 
word of their intention was brought to him secretly and 
he evaded those sent to apprehend him by three days, 
and with a serving man made his way through the cruel 
January weather to his friend Massasoit. 

Try to think of the woods as they were then, un- 
touched by the hand of mai:. Imagine the miles of 
trampling in the deep snow, the chopping of wood to 
build fires and finally the arrival at "the smoky wig- 
wam." Winter in the forest today would be uncom- 
fortable. Endured with the Indians it must have been 
miserable. 



CHAPTEK II 

THE COMPACT OF 1638 AND THE PARLIAMENTARY 

GRANT 

He was joined by several others in the following 
spring a,nd built a cabin and planted fields on the east 



10 ROGER WILLIAMS 

bank of the Seekonk river at what is now Philipsdale in 
East Providence, K. L, but they soon received word 
from Plymouth to move across the water as they were 
in Plymoutli territory and that colony did not wish to 
displease the Baj' by harl)()rini^ the banished minister. 
So, tlieir spring la])or lost, Williams and his friends em- 
barked in a canoe and paddled across the Seekonk. They 
were hailed by Indians from a hij^h rock, who called to 
them "What Cheer." "Slate E(^ck, " as it was called, 
has been removed from the water side and now lies in 
several pieces in Slate Pock Park, Providence. 

After a conference with these friendly natives, the 
canoe was brought around Fox Point into the Moshassuck 
River and there, near a spiing at the foot of the hill, 
Roger Williams landed and began the settlement which 
in grateful acknowledgment of God's mercy he called 
Providence. The Roger Williams S])ring still exists in 
a cellar on North Main Street in Providence, near St. 
John's Church. 

When beginning the settlement at Providence, Wil- 
liams obtained from his friend M;issasoit grants of ex- 
tensive fields for building and planting purposes, and 
rich meadows for grazing. Here was his chance to be- 
come a landed proprietor, more abscjlute ruler of his 
domain than an}' founder in America, but such a \Ai\n 
did not occur to his generous nature. He admitted his 
twelve associates to e(iual occupation of tlie lands, and 
in somewhat similar fashion, as we shall later see, dis- 
posed of his own holdings, until at his death he was de- 
pendent on others. 

The settlement of Providence was made, you remem- 
ber, in 1636. It was founded on liberty of conscience, 
as everyone who came to join it knew. But in 1638 this 
principle was i)ut in written form, which is called the 
"Famous Compact of 1638. " 



ROGER WILLIAMS 



11 



There are several precious documents in the history 
of English-speaking people. You have doubtless read 
of Magna Cliarta, the first great charter of English lib- 
erty, and of how it was wrested from King John by the 
Barons ; you have surely read the Mayflower Compact, 
the first written rules of government in America; but 
vou are now to liear of a document more precious than 




Roger Witliams and the Indians 

either. Magna Charta secured a certain measure of 
freedom to all Englishmen ; the Mayflower Comapct 
brought security in government to a small bund of Pil- 
grims and those who might afterwards join them, but 
the Compact of 1638 blazed the road to freedom for all 
the world. Here it is : 

' 'We whose names are hereunder, desirous 'to inhabit in 
the town of Providence, do promise to sut)]ect ourselves in 
active or passive obedience to all such or:lers or ajj;reements 
as shall be niade for public j^ood tor tbe body, in an ordcrlv 
way, b,y the major assent of t'.ie pre-cnt inhaldLants, n;a>- 



12 ROGER WILLIAMS 

ters of families, incorporated together iuto a town-fellow- 
ship, and such others whom they shall admit unto them, 
only iu civil things." 

To lawyers this is wonderful, because these men, with- 
out any authority outside tliemselves, created a state. 
But to the world the last four words are a message of 
liberty. Here at Providence over two hundred and 
seventy years ago, occurred the first separation between 
church and state. 

The fame thereof went abroad in the land and to 
Providence came floe-king fanatics, enthusiasts and rebels. 
Hardly a queer opinion in the workl but found its way 
to Providence, and the blessing of liberty was in danger 
from the curse of license. 

x\s the population increased, a settled formula of gov- 
ernment became a necessity, for previously' the govern- 
ment had been one of initiative and arbitration. These 
words look familiar to those of us who read tlie papers 
today and show us how far in advance of his time Koger 
Williams was, "Initiative" is a plan whereby, if a 
certain number of citizens want a new law, the}" can ask 
to have a vote taken on it at election time, and I am 
sure we all know" that arbitration means settling diffi- 
culties by argument and logic, sometimes with tlie help 
of some persons not affected by the result. This plan 
of conducting affairs became more and more difficult to 
manage, and besides there w^as always the fear that 
Massachusetts might claim the Providence settlement 
because the land had been purchased from the Indians 
instead of being granted by the King. The colonists 
decided that W illiams wouid be by far the best person 
to go after the Charter, so he was sent to England to 
set the state of affairs before Parliament. 

Then it was Massachusetts showed how easily she 
could forget favors and remember faults. She refused 



ROGER WILLIAMS 13 

to let Williams sail from Boston, thoiij^li liarclly bad the 
echoes of his trial and banishment died . out before she 
was seeking aid of this outlaw from her soil. The 
Pequots had sent an embassy seeking the eo-operatiou 
of the Narragansetts in a general uprising against the 
whites. Williams was besought to use his intiuence to 
prevent a union of these powerful tribes. He made a 
perilous journey and was for days in company with the 
Narragansetts and Pequots, urging every consideration 
against granting the request of the latter. Think how 
brave he was to enter the wigwams of the Indians, and 
in the face of their increasing hatred urge [)eace with 
the white men. Of the Pequots he said, "I could but 
nightly look for their bloody knives at my own throat 
also." His inlluence prevailed and the Narragansetts 
refused to take up arms with tlieir brethren. Had they 
joined, the Pe(|uot War of the next spring, l()o7, might 
have ended differently. As it was, the Pequots were 
annihilated and Williams' is the only voice of mercy we 
hear. 

All this was forj^^otten when Williams asked permis- 
sion to cross Massachusetts soil and so shorten his jour- 
ney to England. Permission was refused and he was 
obliged to sail from New York. On shipboard he com- 
posed his ^' Key to the Indian Language, " a comprehen- 
sive summary of the manners, customs and speech of the 
natives. While in England he wrote a reply to Cotton's 
treatise on his banishment. One of his books so dis- 
pleased the government that it was strangeh^ dealt with. 
We can imagine the character of the contents from its 
name, *'The Bloody Tenent of Persecution for Cause of 
Conscience. " Parliament was so shocked by it that the 
book was ordered to be burned by the common hangman. 

But Eoger Williams got what he went after, for he 
had powerful friends. Among these were the wisest and 



14 ROGER WILLIAMS 

best in England and America. Sir Harry Vane, that 
interesting young man who had once been governor of 
Massachusetts, helped him before Parliament. 

So Williams obtained what is often called the "First 
Charter of Rhode Island, ' ' dated March 14, 1644, though 
you will see the name Ehode Island is not mentioned in 
the title, which was, "Tlio Incorporation of tiie Provi- 
dence Plantation in the Narragansett Bay in New Eng- 
land. " Parliament also gave Williams a letter which 
enabled him to land at Boston. On his return a depu- 
tation of citizens in four canoes welcomed him home. 

After Williams came home with the Parliamentary 
Grant, it was found ditHcult to make all the people agree to 
be governed by it. Rhode Island consisted at that time of 
the colony at Providence, which stretched in strug^lin^ 
lines beyond what is now Pawtucket and North Provi- 
dence, even into what we call Gloucester, Burrillville, 
Lincoln and Smithtield, as well as the settlement at New- 
port and Portsmouth, and the town of Warwick, whicli 
was in process of settlement while the patent was being 
granted. These towns, composed as we know of people 
who came to Rhode Island because they were almost 
rabid for freedom, were fearful of giving up their power 
by uniting, but finally in 1647, Warwick, the last town 
settled, was the last to adopt the charter. 



CHAPTER III 

THE CHARTER OF 1663 

Now that we see the towns then forming Rhode Island 
safely started on the road to better government, let us 
go back a little and consider the settlement of the island 
of Rhode Island wliich gives the state its common name. 
Perhaps you know that the smallest state in the union 



ROGER WILLIAMS 15 

has the loiij2jest name, for its letral title is The State of 
Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. 

Back in Boston, in 1636, Roger Williams was not the 
only restive soul chalintc under the bonds of religious 
persecution. Mrs. Anne Hutcliinson was beginning to 
be looked upon as dangerous, and all her adherents were 
threatened and cajoled by turns, until many who had 
stood staunchly beside her to begin w^ith, wavered and 
tiiially deserted her cause, preferring comfort to freedom, 
perhaps, or it may be fully convinced that she was wrong. 
For Anne Hutchins(m, like Williams, was preaching in 
her own house to assemblies of women, and she did not 
always agree with the ministers. She began by dis- 
coursing on the seri^on of tlie previous Sunday, but was 
soon preaching her own views quite vigorously. The 
town took sides and at last she was brought to trial before 
the ministers, condemned of heresy and banished. 
William Coddington was among her supporters who left 
Boston with her, and set out to find land in tlie new 
^yorld where they might settle in peace. 

Headed farther south, yet when they entered Narra- 
gansett Bay they were heartily received by Williams. 
He proved his welcome was not of the lips only, for he 
went to his red brethren and entreated lands from them 
for the new settlers, obtaining by persuasi(m what gold 
could not buy, for the Indians, already jealous of the en- 
croachments of the white man, were not minded to welcome 
more of the race they were beginning to hate and fear. 

So, aided by Roger Williams, the settlement of Ports- 
mouth, on the island'of Aquidneck, was begun in 1638. 
The settlers, as "individualistic" on the island as on 
the mainland, did not get on evenly together, so some of 
them withdrew under William Coddington and founded 
Newport, at the southern end of the island in 1639, 
Aquidneck was the Indian name of the island of Rhode 



16 ROGER WILLIAMS 

Island, which as we have said has given its name to the 
whole state. In those days, it was very anxious to be 
the whole state and the colony at Newport did not at all 
relish being in the same government with Providence, 
and was sorry it had joined in the compact under 
Williams' charter. It was this feeling which induced* 
William Coddington to go to England in 1(351, and ob- 
tain for himself an appointment as Governor of the Island 
of Aquidneck. 

While indignation at Coddington's course ran high, it 
was arranged to send Roger Williams and John Clarke 
of Newport, to Enjjjland. They were to accomplish two 
ends, first secure the annulment of Coddington's com- 
mission as Governor and second to secure a new charter. 
The new charter would bear the seal of King Charles II, 
who had come to the throne after the downfall of the 
Puritan party in England, and who showed a suri:)rising 
leniency towards those indirectly responsible for the be- 
heading of his father. King Charles I. 

Roger Williams was a poor man and to raise funds 
for his journey he was obliged to sell liis trading i)ost 
at Wickford. JoJin Clark of Newport, who aceomi)anied 
Williams, is described as an ' ' able and sincere man. ' ' He 
it was who remained in England as colonial agent for 
Rhode Island until the new charter was finally obtained. 

The sojourn of Roger Williams in England covered a 
period of two and one-half years of interesting work. 
He busied himself in writing controversial treatises and 
in seeing to their publication. He was much in the 
company of Milton, and taught the poet Dutch. He re- 
newed his friendship with Sir Harry Yane and found 
time to tutor the sons of rich men. His charitable heart 
found opportunity for service in London, for we read 
thiit in the time of much iiublic distress he obtained and 
carried fuel for the London i?oor. 



ROGER WILLIAMS 17 

Many influences against the charter were at work both 
in England and America. The colonial agents of Massa- 
chusetts and Connecticut were especially active in OT)pos- 
ing Khode Island's claim. Massachusetts had always 
claimed and sometimes exercised jurisdiction over the 
Rhode Island settlements. Connecticut Avas anxious* to 
extend her boundary eastward and her agents really' se- 
cured a charter in 1662 which pushed their boundaries 
forward to what was called Narragansett River, and 
might have been made to mean Narragansett Bay. 

But John Clarke was able to show the injustice of the 
claims urged by the other colonies either for Rhode 
Island soil or against Rhode Island policy. But trouble 
at home was a harder foe to meet. While Roger Williams 
and John Clarke in England were using their utmost en- 
deavors to obtain a charter of government, the colonists 
in America were refusing to live peaceably under the 
form of government they already had. The.y were con- 
fusing liberty and license, and this period of Rhode 
Island history has sach a strong lesson for all liberty - 
loving people, that it should be made a part of all study 
of United States historj^ The United States is toda}- 
receiving by the thousands, immigrants of just the same 
stripe as flocked to Rhode Island. Earnest, enthusiastic 
believers in the rights of man, imi)atient of tyranny, 
intoxicated with the love for and anticipation of the free- 
dom for which the name America stands to them, they 
come to us in ever-increasing hordes. It is hard to 
make clear to such eager minds the distinction between 
freedom and license, and the absolute dependence of 
liberty on law. 

Many Rhode Islanders at that early day were slow to 
see this, and needed the admonition of Sir Harry Vane 
and Roger Williams. The latter beautifully compares 
the state to a ship, in a letter which every American 



18 ROGER WILLIAM 



citizen as well as immigrant should know. This is the- 
letter. 

"There goes many a ship to sea with many hundred souls 
in one sliip, whose weal and woe is common : and is a true 
pictnre of a commonwealth or an humau combinatioii or 
society. It hath fallen out sometimes that both Papists and 
Protestants, Jew'S and Turks, may be embarked into one 
ship. Upon which supposal, I do affirm that all the liberty 
of conscievice that ever I pleaded for turns upon these ti\o 
hinges, That none of the Papists, Protestants, Jews or 
Turks, be forced to come to the ship's prayers or worship, 
nor compelled from their own particular prayers or wor- 
ship, if they practice any. I further add that I never de- 
nied that, notwithstanding this liberty, the commander. of 
this ship ought to command the ship's course: Yea, and 
also to command that jiistice, peace, and sobriety be kept 
and practiced both among the seamen and all the passengers. 
If any ot the seamen refuse to perfortu their services, or 
passengers to pay their freight: if an}' refuse to help in 
person or purse towards the common charge or defence : if 
any refuse to obey the common laws and orders of the ship, 
concerning tlieir common peace or preservation: if any 
shall mutiny and rise against their commanders and offi- 
cers: if any should preach or write that there ought to be 
no commanders, nor officers, becau-e all are equal in Christ, 
therefore no masters,, no laws, nor orders, no corrections, 
nor punishments: — I say I never denied, but in such cases, 
whatever is pretended, the commanders may judge, resist, 
compel and punish such transgressors according to their 
deserts and merits. This if seriou&ly and honestly minded, 
may, if it so please the Father of lights, let in some light 
to such as willingly shut not their eyes." 

In spite of all difficnlties at home and abroad the 
charter was finally obtained in l()()o. Its form waa 
largely determined by John Clarke, who remained in 
England after AVilliams, by reason of scarcity of funds, 
had returned home. This charter of 1663 was of so 
liberal a character thnt Ehode Island lived under its 
provisions for one hundred and eighty years. 



ROGER WILLIAMS 21 

early days. Most fearsome of all was the dread of 
Indian invasions, and while questions of government 
concerned only the freeholders, every one, men, women, 
and children, stood in fear and awe of the Eed man. 

There were many reasons for this sometimes open, 
sometimes concealed, hostility of the Indians to the 
whites. One of the important things to do when we are 
reading history is to put ourselves in the other person's 
phice, and try and imagine how we would feel and act 
in his circumstances. Let us imagine then that we are 
Indian children living in what is now New England be- 
fore the white men came. The whole land is ours. The 
rocky shores of Maine are inhabited by our red brethren. 
The Wampanoags roam freely over Cape Cod and the 
Narragansetts hunt in the fastnesses of the swamps and 
salt marshes of Ehode Island. 

In 1()02 a strange bark coasted along the shores of 
New England from Maine to Cai)e Cod. The queer pale- 
faced beings on it landed and built a shelter as odd as 
their vessel, ''a house roofed with rushes." They dug 
sassafras root until their ship was full and then they 
sailed away. What talk for the campfire. As little In- 
dian children we sit and listen to the accounts of this 
strange folk as the news tilters slowly into the Narra- 
gansett region. Next year two vessels come, this time 
*' stout Captain Pring" enters the harbor where Ply- 
mouth now is. The Indians get acquainted with the 
white men and watch them with curiosity and interest. 
This expedition, too, is after sassafras, which will fetch 
large prices, for it is a fashionable medicine. But 
eventually these vessels sail away and leave the Indians 
undistiubed. In 1605, Weymouth commands an expedi- 
tion and the Indians of Maine later become acquainted 
with pale faces who enter all the harbors on the Maine 
coast. In inOT, an island on that coast was settled by 



22 ROGER WILLIAMS 

EDglishiaen, but abandoned after a severe winter. In 
1614, Captain John Smith, energetic and enterprising as 
usual, explored the New England coast from the Penob- 
scot to Cape Cod. He it was who called the region 
New England, and many of the names he gave to other 
places still survive. He wisely put his observations into 
book form, published as "A Description of New Eng- 
land. ' ' There is no doubt that the information con- 
tained in this book was an important factor in the later 
settlement of this region, and if Smith may be called the 
Father of Virginia, he can with equal justice be called 
the god- father or sponsor of New England. 

So the little Indian children were not ignorant of the 
existence of the whites, though few of them had come 
in contact with them. Campfire stories and odd articles 
given in trade for valuable furs were the sum total of 
Indian knowledge of the race destined to conquer the 
simple savage, and wrest from him the hunting grounds 
of his fathers. ^ 

With the landing of the peace-loving Pilgrims on the 
shores of Massachusetts Bay came the iirst act of war- 
fare between the Indians and the whites. Corn cached 
for the winter had been found and used by the immigrants. 
The next party of wliite men discovered roaming about 
were shot at b^' the savages. The Pilgrims named the 
spot where this occurred "The Hill of the First 
Encounter. 

But the next spring Squanto appeared to befriend the 
Pilgrims, acting as interpreter and go-between, and we 
all know how his good offices secured the treaty with 
Massasoit which was never broken by the red chieftain. 
You remember too, how Canonicus, Sacliem of the 
Narragansetts, sent the bundle of arrows tied in a snake 
skin as a mark of defiance to the English. If we were 
little Narragansett boys how we would thrill at the 



ROGER WILLIAMS 23 

bravery of our chief wha dared defy those stranger people 
whom neighboring chiefs had taken into friendship and 
alliance. What puzzling we would have over the white 
man's answer, the snake skin back again stuffed with 
powder and bullets, unintelligible until some wiser In- 
dian explained that these things went into the long stick 
that spit flame and fire at a man and killed him at a 
distance. 

And ver}' soon powder and bullet found their mark in 
the. Indian's heart when the Plymouth guard, under the 
leadership of Miles Standish, put down what they con- 
sidered an Indian uprising and conspiracy. That is 
what little white children might call it, but little Indian 
children thought their fathers justified in seeking revenge 
on the white men who had been stealing their corn and 
disregarding their rights. 

For sixteen years after the founding of Plymouth, the 
territory of the Narragansett Indians was unmolested. 
During that time relaticms between the savages and the 
colonists in Massachusetts were often strained, and each 
was growing more and more to distrust the other. Here 
and there firm friendshii)s were cemented between loyal 
Indians and justice-loving wliite men, and tlie infiuence 
of such relations was far-reaching and tended to put off 
the evil day of final conflict. Such a friendship was. 
that of Massasoit and Pioger Williams, and when finally 
Williams, banished for the second time from Plymouth 
territory, crossed tiie Seekonk and founded Providence 
on the l)anks of the Moshassuck, he found the Narragan- 
sett Indians peaceably disposed towards him, and ob- 
tained from them extensive tracts of land, xlllen in Jiis. 
"Pvhode Island System of Treatment of the Indians" 
says, *'It was the mission of Roger Williams in New^ 
England to carry out practically the Christian doctrine 
of peace and good will to men, not only to the Indians, 



24 ROGER WILLIAMS 

but to all liis fellow men on earth. ' ' That the Indians 
appreciated this attitude is shown by their friendly re- 
lations with the Khode Island colonists, and by their 
often listening to the advice of Roger Williams even 
when it went against their Indian ideas of revenge and 
favored peace with the whites. 

Yet in the very first summer of Rhode Island's ex- 
istence, when the settlement at Providence had just been 
begun, the Pequot War — 1636 — threatened .disaster to 
Rhode Island. The Pequots were a T)owerful tribe, in- 
habiting the enstern portion of what is now Connecticut, 
their hunting grounds lying l^etween the Narragansetfc 
territory and that of the Mohegans. John Oldham, a 
white man, had been murdeted in Block Island, and 
Massachusetts demanded retribution. It is said that 
this man had been' banished by the while settlers because 
he was not easy to live with. He went to Block Island 
and there met his death. Two years before, the Indians 
had given Massachusetts satisfaction for the killing of 
another white man, and it was thought that an example 
must be made of the Indians. Accordingly, John Endi- 
cott with ninety men proceeded to Block Island to put 
the place to the sword. The Indians, apprised of his 
coming, had escaped to the mainland. He set fire to their 
wigwams, rendered the island uninhabitable, and still 
unappeased, descended on the mainland, killing people 
and destroying towns. It all seems terrible to us. 
From the standpoint of the Indians it was indefensible, 
but the white men, stirred to frenz}- by fear and hatred of 
the Indians, saw no solution of the jH-oblem except in 
death to their red foemen. 

The rulers of Massachusetts and Plymouth were much 
disturbed by Endicott's action. He had gone much too 
far and there was now no escape from a "needlessly pro- 
voked war. " The Pequots sought the aid of Mianti- 



ROGER WILLIAMS 25 

nomi, Sachem of the Narragansetts, and began the hor- 
rors of Indian warfare in Connnecticut. Ifc was at this 
juncture that Massachusetts sought the good offices of 
Eoger Williams, who as we have already seen, dared to 
appear in the wigwams of the Narragansetts in the pres-. 
©nee of the Pequot ambassadors and plead for neutrality^ 
Althoug^j he had but just settled among them, his fame 
had preceded him and the respect the Indians had for 
him is shown in their listening to his arguments and 
agi'eeing to refrain from aiding the Pequots. The 
Pequots were wiped out and we may easily believe that 
the Narragansetts gained increased respect for Williams' 
advice. 

This Miantinomi, who refused at Eoger Williams' re- 
quest to make war on the English, received his reward 
seven years later. Uncas, a Mohegan sachem had made 
himself useful to the English and a thorn in the side of 
his own people. Now that the Pe(]uots were no more, 
their land, which formerly had separatt^d Narragansetts' 
from Mohegans, was variously said to belong to the Eng- 
lish, or to Cncas, or to be free and open land, and it 
no longer formed a barrier between the lands of Mianti- 
nomi and the territory of Uncas. The Narragansetts 
and Mohegans were never verv friendly and Massachu- 
setts prevailed upon Uncas and Miantinomi to promise 
that they would not begin war upon one another without 
notifying the English. For this reason Uncas tried to 
find some excuse, good in English eyes, for beginning 
war on his hated rival. He set about reports of an In- 
dian uprising, he declared that Miantinomi had sought 
his death and finally, all other means failing and Mian- 
tinomi being incensed because of his uncivil reception 
at Boston and his being treated like a culprit, Uncas be- 
gan war on ' ' Sequasson, a kinsman of the Narragansetfc 
chief. ' ' 



26 ROGER WILLIAMS 

That sacliem showed that not all Indians disregarded 
promises for, true to his agreement, he laid his griev- 
ances before the Massachusetts authorities, that they 
might give him permission to make war. In 1643 war 
began. Uncas asked for a conference with Miantinomi 
and this fair-minded, honorable sava«:je, of whom Rhode 
Island has cause to be proud ; this Indian keeper of faith 
wdtli white man aud red, went out in all honesty to meet 
and confer with his oj^ponent. Without warning the 
Mohegan warriors, aided by two traitors among Mianti- 
nomi's men, seized the Narragansett sachem and held 
Lim captive. Uncas, with rare savagery, killed the two 
Karragansett traitors on the spot. He took his prisoner 
to Hartford, then to the Commissioners of the United 
Colonies. These decided that nothing worthy of death 
liad been done by Miantinomi, but they nevertheless re- 
juanded him to custody, and caused him to be brought 
before the ministers of the colony who gave him up to 
Uncas to be slaughtered. The brother of Uncas "clove 
bis head with a hatchet" and the brave chief of the 
!Narragansetts passed to the happy hunting grounds of 
liis people innocent of criine but a victim of the policy 
of expediency. With Miantinomi out of the way, the 
IS^arragansetts as a tribe were weaker and his death was 
such as to inspire fear of similar "justice" in case other 
Indians should fail to walk circumspectly. 

Now if you had been an Indian boy or girl while these 
tbings were happening, would you love or hate the white 
con(iuerors ? 

Let us look for a moment on the other side of the 
question and try to understand the detestation in which 
the red men were ]^e\d by the white interlopers. It is 
not true that all red men were magnanimous like Mas- 
sasoit, bold like Cancmicus. honorable like Miantinomi, 
or patriotic like Philip. On the contrary, many of them 



ROGER WILLIAMS 27 

were vicious and degraded. For some strange reason it 
always happens that when a savage and a civilized race 
come in contact, the savage tends to adopt all the vices 
and few of the virtues of the stronger race. So it was 
with the Indians. Many of them were liars and thieves 
and most of them appeared to the industrious New Eng- 
enders as pestilent loafers. We know their habits were 
unclean and their ideas and ideals very different from 
their new neighbors. In the half century of English 
occupation they had seen this weak white nation increase 
in alarming proportion, until finally one could count two 
white men for every Indian. Good hunting lands had 
been reduced to farms, forests had gone up in the cheer- 
ful blaze of the open hearth, the '^best fishing places" 
were monopolized by the settlers. It was easier to hover 
on the border of the settlements and obtain food in an}' 
fashion than to hunt for it as of old. It was easier to 
trade for steel knives than to make stone ones, to obtain 
guns and ammunition in return for land leases than to 
make bows and arrows. The Indian's occupation was 
practically gone and he had ample time in which to stalk 
grimly through the towns and brood on his wrongs. 
Many of these wrongs were very real to him, but no 
wrcmgs at all in our eyes. For instance, the Indians 
could not understand the outright sale of land and very 
often after selling the land would presently ai)]iear and 
take up their old quarters on it again unless driven off. 
And they Avere given to depredations, as many a farmer 
W'ho lost his corn or cattle could testify. 

In a lifetime of intercourse with the Indians, Roger 
Williams came to know them too well to be misled by 
any false show of friendship. He had watched with 
anxiety and growing concern the increasing friction be- 
tween the Indians and AYhites. Fair and just in his 
estimate of his red brethren he knew thev were vicious. 



28 ROGER WILLIAMS 

but he knew too that they had been persecuted and hated 
by their white neighbors. Time and again he raises a 
warning voice urging consideration of Indian claims or 
more mercy in dealing with Indian captives. 

But the chasm was not to be bridged. New England 
was. too small to contain the colonists and the natives. 
The savages were powerless before the march of civiliza- 
tion and their hatred and desire for revenge after smold- 
ering for years, burst forth linally in the devastating 
flame of King Philip's War, which raging but for a 
year, did damage not to be recovered in half a century. 

Williams, at the first intimation of hostilities, acceded 
to the request of Massachusetts and his offices of media- 
tion were most indulgently received by the Indians, but 
he was not deceived. The chieftains who had years be- 
fore, at his earnest request, promised him not to join 
the Pequots, were old and powerless now. The Indians 
were full of x)rofessions of loyalty, but Williams wrote 
to Governor Winthrop warning him that the fine words 
of the Indians but covered treachery. When the Nar- 
ragansetts decided to join Philip, Williams tried to make 
them change their minds, but the chiefs confided in him 
that they were powerless in the face of their 3'oung braves. 

This alliance with the Narragansetts brought the war 
into Pdiode Island. Much ruin and slaughter had been 
perpetrated in the Connecticut Yalle.y and now Rhode 
Island was to suffer fire and pillage. Two of the most 
famous battles in King Philii:)'s War were fought on 
Rhode Island soil. One was the Great Swamp fight in 
Kingston which broke the power of the Narragansetts. 
The other, the Pierce fight at what is now Central Falls, 
was the last pitched battle in the war. 

The Great Swamp fitdit took place on December 19, 
1675. The Indians had taken up winter quarters in the 
heart of the Narragansett country. Here, contrary to the 



ROGER WILLIAMS 29 

usual Indian custom, they had built a log fort. The 
waters of the swamp being frozen, the attacking arm.y of 
Massachusetts and Plymouth men, joined by many 
Khode Islanders, was able to approach close to the fort. 
But great slaughter ensued. It is said that the victors 
suffered as much as the vanquished and after three hours 
fighting the dreadful order was given to lire the wig- 
wams. Numbers of Indian women and children were 
burned. The fleeing remnant of the Ncirragansetts joined 
Philip's forces elsewhere, bat the Karragansetts as a 
X)owerful nation ceased to exist. 

In the spring, Khode Island suffered for the sins of 
those who had taken up arms against the Indians. No 
one knew where the Indians, burning and pillaging, 
would next appear. Wickford, Warwick, Pawtuxet and 
Providence were burned. There is a tradition that Pioger 
AVilliams, then an old man of over seventy years, met 
the Indians as they moved to destroy Providence. They 
were deaf to his entreaties to spare the town, but ten- 
derly promised that he and his would be spared. But 
we are told that his house had been burned at the out- 
break of King Philip's War. Amid other atrocities the 
Indians burned Blackstone's house at Lonsdale, destroy- 
ing his precious library, which he had brought on the 
backs of cattle all the waj' from Boston. 

On March 26, 1676, the Pierce fight occurred at what 
is now Central Falls. The spot has been marked by a 
tablet, which can be seen from passing trains. Here on 
a Sunday morning, Pvehoboth men met a detachment of In 
dians, probably on their way to Mount Hope after spend- 
ing the night in the fastnesses of Quiiisnicket. Only 
nine white men of the detachnient of sixty-three white 
men and twenty Cape Indians were left alive at the close 
of the encounter. These nine men were brought to 
Lonsdale and there tomahawked. Their bones were 



30 ROGER WILLIAMS 

found Liter and the spot where they perished is marked 
by a cairn of stones and called Nine Men's Miser}'. It 
is on the property of the Abbej' of Our Lady of the Yalle}'. 

Roger AYilliams lived for at least eight years after the 
outbreak of King Philip's War, but we can not state 
positively the date of his death. It is supposed to have 
occurred in Providence ' ' probably in x\pril, 1683. ' ' He 
would then be an old man of eighty years, forgotten 
perhaps by the major portion of the inhabitants. Yet 
his services to the colony were by no means few. He 
had been Governor of the colony for two and one-half 
years and many times Assistant, refusing an election to 
the latter office when he was seventy j^ears of age. 

jNLany times he had interceded with the Indians in the 
cause of peace. He had made two wearisome voyages 
to England in behalf of the colon}^ and suffered much in 
purse because of these efforts, for his services and out- 
la}^ were never f nlh' repaid. The lands freely given to 
him by the Indians, he gave as freely to others, and in- 
stead of dying a landed proprietor, he died a poor man. 
He was buried in the famil}' burying ground. 

AYlien, many years later, an attempt was made to re- 
inter his bones at Roger Williams Park, no bones were 
found in the casket, but instead, the curioush^ grown 
root of an ai^ple tree which is yet preserved in the cabi- 
net of tlie Rhode Island Historical Society. 

In person, Williams was handsome and pleasing. 
Winslow says he was *'of a lovely carriage. " And "we 
have often tried your patience but never broken it. ' ' We 
get an impression of gentleness and sincerity, of en- 
thusiasm and magnanimity from his contemporaries. 

That his stand was sincere is shown in his treatment 
of the Quakers. No one despised the teaching of that 
quaint sect more than did Williams. The Bay Colony 
held the Quakers in like contempt and you know that 




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3J ROGER WILLIAMS 

these poor people were harassed and persecuted, whipped 
at the cart's tail, even handed by Massachusetts for per- 
sisting in their belief. The Bay Colony thought that 
the Quakers could be driven from New England if 
Rhode Island, the only colony open to tliem, would 
banish them from her borders. Such a request was 
made of the Ehode Island authorities but it was refused. 
Roger Williams was a factor in Rbode Island's answer, 
* * \A^e have no law among us whereby to punish any for 
•only declaring by words their minds concerning the 
things and ways of God. 

A. M. Eaton says, "Perhaps the best proof we have of 
the high character, great learning and ability, as well 
as the real nobleness, of Roger Williams is to be found 
in considering the character of his friends. They were 
the best men of the age, wherever he went. They in- 
'cluded Bradford, Winslow, the Winthrops, Bradstreet, 
Vane, and others like them, the leaders in New England, 
<even though they did not always believe in the principles 
he taught. They included Coke, Milton, Cromwell, 
Peters, Harrison and many others, the leaders of thought 
land action in England during a remarkable period. He 
moved among them their equal, the friend of all. 

Because of the spread of his doctrine of soul libert}^, 
ZRoger Williams is a figure not only in the history of the 
state he founded but in the history of the world. He 
was the Prophet of Religious Freedom, and we can all 
join with Rhode Island children when they sing; 

Great Creator, Hope of Nations 

Thou hast always been Our Guide. 
Now we bring one poor oblation, 

May we in Thy love abide. 
May the germs of freedom glorious, 

Which in this state had their birth, 
Far extend, through Thee victorious, 

Till they cover all the earth. 



INSTRUCTOR LITERATURE SERIES — Continued. 



History and Biography 

5 vStory of L,iucoln— /'(?/^<?y 
56 ludian Children Ta.es—Bzish 
"79 A Ivittle New England Mi]s.ing— Baker 

81 vStory of DeSoto—HciJield 

82 Story of Dauiel Booue — Reiter 

83 Story oiV\\\\\.\\i^—McCabe 

84 Story of David Crockett— >?^z7^r 

85 Story of Patrick Yl^wxy— Little field 

86 American Inventors— I (Whitney and 

Fulton) — Paris 

87 American Inventors— II (Morse and Edi- 

son) — Paris 

88 Araericp.u Naval Heroes Jones, Perry, 

Earrag "t; — Bush 

89 Fremo'iL and Kit Carson— Judd 

178 Story of Eexiugtou and Bunker Hill 
182 Story of Joan ofArc—AftPee 
Literal I] re 

90 Selections from L,onj?fellovp^— I 

91 Story of ICugene Field — McCabe 

195 Night before Christmas and Other 
Christmas Poems and Stories. 

201 Alice's First Adventures in Wonder- 

land — Carroll 

202 Alice's Further Adventures in Wonder- 

land — Carroll 
207 Famous Artists II -Reynolds— Murillo 
III Water Babies (A»)ri<lged) Kingslcy 
35 Cioody Two-Shoes 
lu-; Stories from the Old Testament— .lA/vv 

FIFTH YEAR 
Nature 

92 Animal T^ife in the Sea— .l/lciv'/^ 

93 Story of .Silk — Broivn 

94 Story of Sugar — Reiter 

96 What We Drink (Tea, Coffee and Cocoa) 
139 Peeps into Bird Nooks, H — McPee, 

210 Snowdrops and Crocuses — Manti 

History and Biography 
16 Explorations of the Northwest 
80 Storj'of the Cabots— yl/c/.'/ /'rf^ 

97 Story of the Norsemen — Hanson 

98 Story of Nathan Y{.^\^— McCabe 

99 Story of Jefferson— il/cCad^ 
loo Story of B-yaut — McPee 

Id Story of Ro'bert E- \.^.&—McKa :e 

105 Story of Canada— Z?o?<io7rt^ 

106 Story of Mexico — McCabe 

107 Story of Robert EouisStevenson — Bush 
141 Story of Grant — McKane 

144 Story of Steam — McCabe 

145 vStory of McKinle3^ — McBride 

179 Story of the Flag — Baker 

190 Story of Father Plennepin — McBr.de 

191 Story of LaSalle — McBride 

185 Story of the First Cvn»a.(.\e.—Mead 

217 Story of Florence Nightitigale — McPee 

218 Story of Peter Cooper — McPee 
110 Story of Hawthorne— il/c/^?(? 
232 Story of Shakespeare 

Literature 

8 King of the Golden River — Rxiskin 

9 The Golden Touch — Hawthorne 

; X08 History in Verse (Sheridan's Ride, In- 
dependence Bell, etc) 

180 StoryofAladdin aTidt)f Ali Baba— A^rf//^ 
iS;, A Dog of Fhuwh-rs De la Raniee 



184 The Nuruberg Stove— i^t' la Ramee 

156 Heroes from King Arthur— 6^raw/^y 
194 Whittier's Poems. Selected. 

199 Jackanapes— isK'/w^ 

200 The Child of Urbino— Z><; la Ramee 
208 Heroes of Asgard— Selections— AVar>' 
212 Stories from Robin Hood— -/>'/'•// 

234 Poems Worth Knowing— Book II Inter- 
mediate 

SIXTH YEAR 
Nature 
109 Gifts of the Forest (Rubber, Cinchona, 

Resin, ttc.)— McPee 
Qeography 

114 Great European Cities— I (I^ondon and 

Paris) — Bush 

115 Great European Cities— II (Rome and 

Berlin) — Bush 

168 Gieat European Clties-HI (St. Peters- 
burg and Constantinople)- ^?<5/f 

History and Biography , , , 

116 Old Euglish Heroes (Alfred, Richard the 

I^ion-Heatted, The Black Prince) 

117 Eater English Heroes (Cromwell, Well- 

ington, Gladstone)— ^/<i/j 

160 Heroes of the Revolution — 7^7 /i/raw 
163 Stories of Courage— /.'/^.v/« 

157 Eives of Webster and (I\ay—Tiistra7n 
iSS Story of Napoleon — Bush 

189 Stories of Heroism— /??o7i 

197 Story of lyafayette — Bush 

198 Story of Roger WWWiww^—Leightoji 
2C9 Lewis and Clark V.K\it:(\\\.\oii — Uerndoii 
219 Stor\' of Iowa — McPee 

224 Story of William Tell — Ilallock 
Literature 

10 The Snow Irrxage.— Hawthorne 

11 Rip Van Winkle— />-t'/w^ 

12 Legend of Sleepy Hollow — Irving 
22 Rab and His Friends— />;o7£'w 

24 Three Golden Apples — Hawthorne 

25 The Miraculous Pitcher — Hawthorne 

26 The Minotaur — Hawthorne 

119 Bryant's Thanatopsis and Other Poems 

120 Selections from Longfellow— II 

121 Selections from Holmes 

122 The Pied Piper of Hamelin— ^ro7(';//'wj?^ 

161 The Great Carbuncle, Mr. Higgin- 

botham's Catastrophe, Snowflakes— 
Hawthorne 
1G2 The Pygmies — Hawthorne 

222 Kiugsley's Greek Heroes — Pait I. The 

Story of Perseus 

223 Kingsley's Greek Heroes— Part II. The 

Story of Theseus 

225 Tennyson's Poems — For various grades 
229 Responsive Bible Readings— .;^<'//^;' 

SEVENTH YEAR 
Literature 

13 Courtship of Miles Standish 

14 Evangeline — Longfellow 

15 Snow Bound— IVhittier 

20 The Great Stone Vs^c^— Hawthorne 

123 Selections from Wordsworth 

124 Selections from Shelley and Keats 

125 Selections from Merchant of Venice 
147 Story of King Arthur as told by Tt-nny- 

sou— //<?//('<:^ 

Continued on next page 



INSTRUCTOR LITERATURE SERIES -Continm 



149 Man Without a Country, The — J/aie 

192 Story of Jean Valjean. 

193 Selections from the Sketch Book. 
ig6 The Gray Champion — Hauthoi ne 
213 Poems of Thomas JMoore — Selected 
216 lyamb's Tales from Shakespeare— Select- 
ed 

231 The Oregon Trail(Condeused from Park- 
man) 
23S Lamb's Adveutvxres of Ulysses — Part I 
239 I,amb's Adventures of Ulysses — Part II 

EIGHTH YEAR 

Literature 

17 Enoch Arden — Tennyson 

18 Vision of Sir Lannfal — Lowell 

19 Cotter's Saturday '^\^\\t~ Burns 
23 The Deserted Village — Goldsmith 

126 Rime of the Ancient Mariner 

127 Gray's Elegy and Other Poems 

128 Speeches of lyincoln 

129 Selections from Julius Cresar 

130 Selections from Heni-3' the Eighth 

131 Selections from Macbeth 

Price 5 Cents Each. Postage, 1 Cent 

Twelve or moi'e copies sent prepaid at (i 



142 Scott's Lady of the Lake— Canto I 

154 Scott's Ladj- of the Lake — Canto II 

143 Buildiug of the Sh-p and Other Poems 
Longfellow 

14S Horatius, Ivry, The Armada— ^l/t7fa///c 

150 Bunker Hill Addrest; — Selectior.s fio 
the Adams and Jeiferson Oration 
Webster v,, 

151 Gold Bug, The— Po^ 
153 Prisoner of Chillon and Other Poems 

Byron 

155 Rhoecus and Other Poems Lowell 

156 Edgar Allan Poe — Biogra;>hy and S 
lected Poems — Link 

158 Washington's Farewell Address ar 
Other Papers 

169 Abiam Joseph Ryan — Biography at 
Selected Poems — Stnith 

170 PaulH. Ha3^ne — Biography and Selectc 
Poems — Link 

215 Life of Samuel Johnson — Macanlav 
221 Sir Roger de Coverly Papers — Ad(ii:cn 
237 Lay of tlie Last Minstrel — Scott. Intr 
duction and Canto I 

per copy extra. Order by Numbe 

;o cents per dozen or ^5.00 per hundred. 



Annotated Classics and Supplementary Reader 

In addition to tlie Five-Cent books given above the Instructor Series includes tl 
following titles. Most of these are carefully.edited by capable teachers of Englis 
with lu troduction. Notes and Outlines for srtidy, as noted. Thej' are thorough 
adapted for class use and studj' as needed in various grades. Prices'after each boo 



250 Evangeline. Longfellow. With bio- 
graphical sketch, historical introduc- 
tion, oral and written exercises and 
notes lOc 

251 Courtship of Miles Standisll. Longlcl- 
low. With Introduction and Notes. 10c 

252 Vision of Sir Launfal. I^owell. Biograph- 
ical sketch, introduction, notes, ques- 
ti?)ns aud outlines for study 10c 

253 Eivoch Arden. Tennyson. Biograplii- 
cal sketch, introduction, explanatory 
notes, outlines for study and questions 
10c 

254 Great Stone Face. Hawthorne. Bio- 
graphical sketch, introduction, notes, 
questions and outlines for study 10c 

354 Cricket on the Hearth. Chas. Dickens. 
Complete 10c 

255 Browning's Poems. Selected poems 
with notes aud outline" lor studj'. . . 10c 

256 Wordsworth's Poems. Selected poems 
with introduction, notes aud outlines 
for study itfc 

257 Sohrab and Rustum. Arnold. With in- 
troduction, notes and outlines for 
study 10c 

258 The Children's Poet. A study of Long- 
fellow's poetry for children of the pri- 



rmary grades, with explanations, la 
guage'.exercises, outlines, written ai 
oral work, with selected poems. I 
Lillie Faris, Ohio Teachers Colleg 
Athens, Ohio K 

259»'A Christmas Carol. Charles Jjicken 
Coini)lete ..!< 

j6o Familiar Legends. Inez N. McFee. 
book of old tales a'etold ' for youi 
people .'.".. II 

261 Some Water Birds. Inez N. McFe 
Descripti'oTi. habits, and stories of, f 
Fourth to Sixth grades 1' 

350 Hiawatha.^ Longfellow. With intr 
duction arid notes IJ 

352 Milton's rUnor Poems. Edited by C 
rus Laurou Hooper. Biographic 
sketch aud introduction, with explan 
tory notes and questions for study; crii 
cal comments and pronouncing voca 
ulai J- of proper names. .'. 1; 

353 Silas Marner. Eliot. Biographic 
sketch, uLuuerous notes, questious f 
-tudy, critical comments and biblio 
raphy, b}' Hiram R. Wilson, Sta 
Normal College, Athens, O. 230 page* 

Paper 2i 

In cioth binding.... 3 



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F. A. OyyEN CO. Dansville, N. 1 
HALL & McCREARY, Chicago, Hi 



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